In the Clean Air Act, Congress broadly authorized courts to award reasonable attorney fees to any party whenever the court determines such award is “appropriate.” 42 U.S.C §§ 7604(d) (Citizen Suits), 7607(f) (Administrative Proceedings and Judicial Review).
Nearly thirty years ago, however, the United States Supreme Court decided that, notwithstanding the apparent authority conferred by the Act, a court could not award attorney fees to Sierra Club and Environmental Defense Fund in a case where they lost on all of their claims. Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 694 (1983). In other words, absent some degree of success on the merits, it is not “appropriate” for a federal court to award attorney’s fees under Sections 304 and 307 of the Act.